The Swift Programming Language

• The Swift Programming Language (6.2.3)
• About Swift
• Version Compatibility
• A Swift Tour
  • Simple Values
  • Control Flow
  • Functions and Closures
  • Objects and Classes
  • Enumerations and Structures
  • Concurrency
  • Protocols and Extensions
  • Error Handling
  • Generics
• The Basics
  • Constants and Variables
  • Comments
  • Semicolons
  • Integers
  • Floating-Point Numbers
  • Type Safety and Type Inference
  • Numeric Literals
  • Numeric Type Conversion
  • Type Aliases
  • Booleans
  • Tuples
  • Optionals
  • Memory Safety
  • Error Handling
  • Assertions and Preconditions
• Basic Operators
  • Terminology
  • Assignment Operator
  • Arithmetic Operators
  • Compound Assignment Operators
  • Comparison Operators
  • Ternary Conditional Operator
  • Nil-Coalescing Operator
  • Range Operators
  • Logical Operators
• Strings and Characters
  • String Literals
  • Initializing an Empty String
  • String Mutability
  • Strings Are Value Types
  • Working with Characters
  • Concatenating Strings and Characters
  • String Interpolation
  • Unicode
  • Counting Characters
  • Accessing and Modifying a String
  • Substrings
  • Comparing Strings
  • Unicode Representations of Strings
• Collection Types
  • Mutability of Collections
  • Arrays
  • Sets
  • Performing Set Operations
  • Dictionaries
• Control Flow
  • For-In Loops
  • While Loops
  • Conditional Statements
  • Patterns
  • Control Transfer Statements
  • Early Exit
  • Deferred Actions
  • Checking API Availability
• Functions
  • Defining and Calling Functions
  • Function Parameters and Return Values
  • Function Argument Labels and Parameter Names
  • Function Types
  • Nested Functions
• Closures
  • Closure Expressions
  • Trailing Closures
  • Capturing Values
  • Closures Are Reference Types
  • Escaping Closures
  • Autoclosures
• Enumerations
  • Enumeration Syntax
  • Matching Enumeration Values with a Switch Statement
  • Iterating over Enumeration Cases
  • Associated Values
  • Raw Values
  • Recursive Enumerations
• Structures and Classes
  • Comparing Structures and Classes
  • Structures and Enumerations Are Value Types
  • Classes Are Reference Types
• Properties
  • Stored Properties
  • Computed Properties
  • Property Observers
  • Property Wrappers
  • Global and Local Variables
  • Type Properties
• Methods
  • Instance Methods
  • Type Methods
• Subscripts
  • Subscript Syntax
  • Subscript Usage
  • Subscript Options
  • Type Subscripts
• Inheritance
  • Defining a Base Class
  • Subclassing
  • Overriding
  • Preventing Overrides
• Initialization
  • Setting Initial Values for Stored Properties
  • Customizing Initialization
  • Default Initializers
  • Initializer Delegation for Value Types
  • Class Inheritance and Initialization
  • Failable Initializers
  • Required Initializers
  • Setting a Default Property Value with a Closure or Function
• Deinitialization
  • How Deinitialization Works
  • Deinitializers in Action
• Optional Chaining
  • Optional Chaining as an Alternative to Forced Unwrapping
  • Defining Model Classes for Optional Chaining
  • Accessing Properties Through Optional Chaining
  • Calling Methods Through Optional Chaining
  • Accessing Subscripts Through Optional Chaining
  • Linking Multiple Levels of Chaining
  • Chaining on Methods with Optional Return Values
• Error Handling
  • Representing and Throwing Errors
  • Handling Errors
  • Specifying the Error Type
  • Specifying Cleanup Actions
• Concurrency
  • Defining and Calling Asynchronous Functions
  • Asynchronous Sequences
  • Calling Asynchronous Functions in Parallel
  • Tasks and Task Groups
  • Isolation
  • The Main Actor
  • Actors
  • Global Actors
  • Sendable Types
• Macros
  • Freestanding Macros
  • Attached Macros
  • Macro Declarations
  • Macro Expansion
  • Implementing a Macro
  • Developing and Debugging Macros
• Type Casting
  • Defining a Class Hierarchy for Type Casting
  • Checking Type
  • Downcasting
  • Type Casting for Any and AnyObject
• Nested Types
  • Nested Types in Action
  • Referring to Nested Types
• Extensions
  • Extension Syntax
  • Computed Properties
  • Initializers
  • Methods
  • Subscripts
  • Nested Types
• Protocols
  • Protocol Syntax
  • Property Requirements
  • Method Requirements
  • Mutating Method Requirements
  • Initializer Requirements
  • Protocols that Have Only Semantic Requirements
  • Protocols as Types
  • Delegation
  • Adding Protocol Conformance with an Extension
  • Adopting a Protocol Using a Synthesized Implementation
  • Implicit Conformance to a Protocol
  • Collections of Protocol Types
  • Protocol Inheritance
  • Class-Only Protocols
  • Protocol Composition
  • Checking for Protocol Conformance
  • Optional Protocol Requirements
  • Protocol Extensions
• Generics
  • The Problem that Generics Solve
  • Generic Functions
  • Type Parameters
  • Naming Type Parameters
  • Generic Types
  • Extending a Generic Type
  • Type Constraints
  • Associated Types
  • Generic Where Clauses
  • Extensions with a Generic Where Clause
  • Contextual Where Clauses
  • Associated Types with a Generic Where Clause
  • Generic Subscripts
  • Implicit Constraints
• Opaque and Boxed Protocol Types
  • The Problem that Opaque Types Solve
  • Returning an Opaque Type
  • Boxed Protocol Types
  • Differences Between Opaque Types and Boxed Protocol Types
  • Opaque Parameter Types
• Automatic Reference Counting
  • How ARC Works
  • ARC in Action
  • Strong Reference Cycles Between Class Instances
  • Resolving Strong Reference Cycles Between Class Instances
  • Strong Reference Cycles for Closures
  • Resolving Strong Reference Cycles for Closures
• Memory Safety
  • Understanding Conflicting Access to Memory
  • Conflicting Access to In-Out Parameters
  • Conflicting Access to self in Methods
  • Conflicting Access to Properties
• Access Control
  • Modules, Source Files, and Packages
  • Access Levels
  • Access Control Syntax
  • Custom Types
  • Subclassing
  • Constants, Variables, Properties, and Subscripts
  • Initializers
  • Protocols
  • Extensions
  • Generics
  • Type Aliases
• Advanced Operators
  • Bitwise Operators
  • Overflow Operators
  • Precedence and Associativity
  • Operator Methods
  • Custom Operators
  • Result Builders
• About the Language Reference
  • How to Read the Grammar
• Lexical Structure
  • Whitespace and Comments
  • Identifiers
  • Keywords and Punctuation
  • Literals
  • Operators
• Types
  • Type Annotation
  • Type Identifier
  • Tuple Type
  • Function Type
  • Array Type
  • Dictionary Type
  • Optional Type
  • Implicitly Unwrapped Optional Type
  • Protocol Composition Type
  • Opaque Type
  • Boxed Protocol Type
  • Metatype Type
  • Any Type
  • Self Type
  • Type Inheritance Clause
  • Type Inference
• Expressions
  • Prefix Expressions
  • Infix Expressions
  • Primary Expressions
  • Postfix Expressions
• Statements
  • Loop Statements
  • Branch Statements
  • Labeled Statement
  • Control Transfer Statements
  • Defer Statement
  • Do Statement
  • Compiler Control Statements
  • Availability Condition
• Declarations
  • Top-Level Code
  • Code Blocks
  • Import Declaration
  • Constant Declaration
  • Variable Declaration
  • Type Alias Declaration
  • Function Declaration
  • Enumeration Declaration
  • Structure Declaration
  • Class Declaration
  • Actor Declaration
  • Protocol Declaration
  • Initializer Declaration
  • Deinitializer Declaration
  • Extension Declaration
  • Subscript Declaration
  • Macro Declaration
  • Operator Declaration
  • Precedence Group Declaration
  • Declaration Modifiers
• Attributes
  • Declaration Attributes
  • Type Attributes
  • Switch Case Attributes
• Patterns
  • Wildcard Pattern
  • Identifier Pattern
  • Value-Binding Pattern
  • Tuple Pattern
  • Enumeration Case Pattern
  • Optional Pattern
  • Type-Casting Patterns
  • Expression Pattern
• Generic Parameters and Arguments
  • Generic Parameter Clause
  • Generic Argument Clause
• Document Revision History